Fair Value Accounting - 2122 Words

Moving towards Fair Value Accounting In the past, historical cost measures were mainly used for reporting as they are reliable. However, historical cost is only relevant upon acquiring the asset and becomes irrelevant as time passes. On the other hand, fair value-based reporting, which accounts for changes in fair values, can produce balance sheet figures that provide a better reflection of the company’s value. This is also why accounting bodies are moving towards fair value accounting (FVA). One of the evident standards is the FASB Standard (SFAS) 157, ‘Fair Value Measurements’, to establish clear, consistent guidelines for fair values measurements and disclosures. SFAS No. 133, ‘Accounting for Derivative Instruments’ and IAS 39 also†¦show more content†¦It is found that managers are more likely to manage earnings because it is hard to verify whether the estimated fair value figures are well-intentioned or manipulated. Having to rely on their estimates introduces informational asymmetry. As in the case of Level 3 inputs, since managers have private information regarding appropriate values to select for model inputs as well as the underlying economic value of an asset (or liability), the informational asymmetry will create two problems- adverse selection and moral hazard. Black et al. found that fair value accounting mitigates incentives for firms to time asset sales to manage earnings. If fair value measures capture unrealized gains and losses that reflect the future earnings, firms will have little incentive to increase current income at the expense of future earnings. However, there are still chances for managers to value assets upwards to increase income so as to increase their performance-based compensation, abide by the debt covenant restrictions and reduce political cost as explained by the positive accounting theory. They could simply take a big bath during rainy days and use the timing of impairments or upward revaluation reversals to boost future earnings for even better compensation. Hence, accounting standard-setters and securities regulators need to determine how much latitude to give managers when they estimate fair values and toShow MoreRelatedIs Fair Value Accounting Really Fair?1021 Words   |  5 Pages For our project, we wanted to pick the topic, â€Å"Is fair value accounting really fair?† The first part of our presentation was simply explaining what fair value accounting is. This is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transactions. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the price that would be received to sell an asset or price to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction betweenRead MoreFair Value Accounting And Audit2360 Words   |  10 Pages Fair Value Accounting and Audit Ivie Uduebho 4/30/2015 Introduction In today’s businesses, there has been an increase in the demand for financial reporting and also, the need to have reliable measurements of fair value and its disclosures. The need for reliable information has caused continuous change to accounting policies which has posed a challenge not only to management of companies, but also to auditors. The frequent changes in accounting principlesRead MoreMeasuring Fair Value Accounting Standards1346 Words   |  6 PagesFair Value accounting is a measurement application to value assets and liabilities based on current transactions among buyers and sellers in the market. In other words, the price market participants pay or receive in an orderly transaction at a certain date. There are different techniques for measuring fair values depending on asset and market activity. It includes market approach, cost approach, and income approach. Financial Accounting standards (FAS 157) defines fair value as â€Å"the price that wouldRead MoreFai r Value Accounting And Financial Reporting2166 Words   |  9 Pagesreporting and also, the need to have reliable measurements of fair value and its disclosures. The need for reliable information has caused continuous change to accounting policies which has posed a challenge not only to management of companies, but also to auditors. The frequent changes in accounting principles pose a challenge for managers in measuring accounting estimates accurately and are an exceedingly difficult task. Fair value accounting is a financial reporting approach in which companies areRead MoreFair Value Accounting And Intangible Assets2641 Words   |  11 PagesFair Value Accounting and Intangible Assets The considerable debate on the advantages and disadvantages of moving towards a full mark to market accounting system for financial institutions has been triggered by the move of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to make changes in this direction as part of an attempt to globalize accounting standards. Both fair value accounting and historical cost accounting have their advantagesRead MoreFair-Value Accounting and the Financial Crisis Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesnearly as bad if not for the deadly Fair-Value Accounting (FVA) standard. It is, however, my stand that accounting is not the root cause of the financial crisis. I argue that the mixed-attribute model prompted considerable accounting-motivated structures. And due to the selective application of FVA, it did not in practice; contribute to the pro-cyclicality of the financial system. Nor would the meltdown have otherwise been avoided under a different a ccounting scheme. I note that the crisis has hadRead MoreFair Value Accounting : The Gauge Of Reliability And Relevance2160 Words   |  9 Pagescovering fair value accounting usefulness, the gauge of reliability and relevance in accounting through times of early development, financial crisis and recent views. This review aims to realize a comprehensive study of relevant literature in financial accounting with fair value as the main topic. The review attempts to answer the question Is fair value relevant and reliable for financial accounting? Does fair value signify decision useful information? What are the basic properties of fair value and itsRead MoreUsing Fair Value Accounting, Questions and Answers578 Words   |  2 Pagesand disadvantages of using Fair Value Accounting. Accounting valuation is a process by which the value of a company is measured in terms of their assets and liabilities for financial reporting purpose. Andriessen (2003) had been explained the valuation by using the Rescher’s Value Theory in his article. Rescher (1969) used the term of â€Å"evaluation† to describe valuation as ‘a comparative assessment or measurement of something with respect to its embodiment of a certain value.’ Valuation can be achievedRead MoreFair Value Accounting Is Worth Being Used1962 Words   |  8 Pagesstatements, on whether fair value accounting is worth being used. According to IFRS 13, fair value is â€Å"the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date†. Usage of fair value has advantages, however, it has disadvantages as well. This essay will discuss how fair value is more advantageous than disadvantageous and how it is carried out. It will also examine how fair value led Lehman BrothersRead MoreDoes Fair Value Accounting for Non-Financial Assets17711 Words   |  71 PagesDoes Fair Value Accounting for Non-Financial Assets Pass the Market Test? Hans B. Christensen and Valeri V. Nikolaevï€ ª The University of Chicago Booth School of Business 5807 South Woodlawn Avenue Chicago, IL 60637 Abstract: The choice between fair value and historical cost accounting is the subject of longstanding controversy among accounting academics and regulators. Nevertheless, the market based evidence on this subject is very limited. We study the choice of fair value versus historical

Childhood Obesity A Condition Of Being Grossly Fat And...

Childhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity is a condition of being grossly fat and overweight. When someone exceeds a certain weight for a given height they are considered obese. Lifestyle issues such as too little activities and too many calories from drinks are main contributors of childhood obesity. People eat for two reasons and those are either comfort eat or appetite eat. A study have shown that kids who go without breakfast before school are more likely than classmates to be inactive, unfit and obese. Girls who skip breakfast are 92% more likely obese than female classmates who eat before school, the equivalent figure in boys was 62%. This was notified as a key reason because the kids who didn t eat breakfast snacked throughout the day and ate late at night as this became more and more of a daily routine, eating disorders become a factor. Some of the causes of childhood obesity are greater availability of unhealthy foods, little to no daily exercise, No safe place in many communities to play or be ac tive. Plus companies are coming together to make their food be able to be more visualized and make people want to buy their food. Also it becomes harder to jump, hop, or even stand on one leg and they will become clumsier. More effects of being obese are Blount’s Disease, Flat Feet, Diabetes, and Asthma. Blount’s Disease is where a growth disorder in the lower leg cause it to go inward, Flat Feet is where one’s feet has no arch which makes it painful to walk long distance,Show MoreRelatedObesity Is A Major Problem1234 Words   |  5 Pagesfour decades, the rate of obesity in America has been on the increasing end; two out of three Americans are either obese or overweight. The obesity epidemic has become a major problem in the United States which caused many serious effects on individual and society. It is an indiscriminate problem that negatively affect everyone from adults to children; which is a significant threat to the health of humanity that needs to be e liminated. First, we need to know what obesity is. According to OxfordRead MoreHow Does Obesity Impact Children? Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesdeciding it finally came to me, â€Å"In what ways does obesity impact children?† Obesity is defined as, the condition of being â€Å"grossly† fat or overweight. As a teen we have stopped trying to figure out how obesity really works and why does it matter so much. As children we are told that we should a certain weight at this age and this height, Like that is how the world is set, these are their standards. This got me think, what effects does obesity have on one s body and is it really a bad thing? SomeRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1242 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity and Nutrition More than one-third (34.9%) (The State of Obesity) of the American population is overweight. The definition for obesity is the condition of being grossly fat or overweight. Obesity can happen for many reasons, including age, gender, hereditary obesity, stereotype obesity, and fast food restaurants and their marketing. For example, a 50-year-old man can add pounds faster than a 5-year-old child can because of his age. Obesity is a growing problem that society needs to dealRead MoreFast Food Restaurants And Obesity1528 Words   |  7 PagesDo fast food restaurants contribute to obesity in America? One out of every four Americans stop by to eat fast food daily. Many people may not know this, but you would have to walk seven straight hours to burn off a super sized Coke, fry, and Big Mac. Sixty percent of all Americans are either overweight or obese. Did you also know that some fast food restaurants sell more toys than Toys-R-Us? Fast food restaurants contribute to obesity in America by promoting time-saving eating options, using celebritiesRead MoreHow to Prevent Obesity in Adults and Young Children857 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Prevent Obesity in Adults and Young Children Obesity is a growing concern in today’s society; however, it is a disease that can be prevented through simple changes in lifestyle. Obesity is defined as being grossly overweight. Benson, J. (2009, August) (p2) in his article states that obesity is a condition that affects individuals of all ages worldwide. There are many contributing factors to being obese, with the main ones being the consumption of junk food, lack of a proper diet and exerciseRead MoreObesity Epidemic : Obesity And Obesity1634 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012† (cdc.gov). Subsequently, the obesity epidemic has continued to increase over the past few years in the United States. There are many different aspects that have contributed to the obesity epidemic. For example, many people today choose to be convenient instead of eating healthy, which results in the consummation of processed foods. Processed foods have a significant effect on the risk of obesity. With a current societ y always on the go, adults and children haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Obesity And Obesity1575 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Television on Obesity Jacqueline Estrada California State University, Fullerton In today’s world television has become one of the most popular and frequently used pastimes. With the increase of technology available today people can now watch television on their phones, laptops, and tablets wherever they go. Something else that has increased in the past years are the number of obese people in the United States. In the last couple decades it was estimated that theRead MoreObesity : The Condition Of Being Grossly Fat Or Overweight2264 Words   |  10 PagesObesity: the condition of being grossly fat or overweight. I know.. One word: HARSH. How many times a day do you see an over weight or obese person walk right past your eyes? How often do you see a really overweight person actually doing something about it as in trying to overcome it? Scientifically speaking, the BMI (Body Mass Index) of an overweight person starts at 25, once you’ve reached 30, you are considered obese. More than twenty-five million of adults are diagnosed with diabetes, while oth erRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Today s Society2252 Words   |  10 Pagesis one’s health that is at stake. Scientist’s and medical professionals suggest that obese people have a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease and other conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, sleep apnea, and the list just keeps going on. Some of the reasons that more and more people are becoming overweight in today’s society is for starts, the prices of unhealthy foods at supermarkets and fast food restaurants. The healthier food options are much more expensive thanRead MoreObesity Is The Condition Of Being Grossly Fat Or Overweight ( Google Search )1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of obesity is the condition of being grossly fat or overweight (google search) The government really started fighting obesity in 2010, when the surgeon general and the first lady of the United States Michelle Obama started combating obesity and trying to lower it al l across the country. Obesity is not only a issue of a person cannot stop eating. It has number of relations such low income families who cannot afford healthy food but instead go to a number of fast food restaurants around

Online Shopping Festivals The Biggest Trend This Year

Title: Online Shopping Festivals: The Biggest Trend This Year Submitted By: Geetanjali Gulati IIM Lucknow Piglet: Pooh! Why are you late today? Pooh: I was shopping? Piglet: Huh? Shopping?!? Pooh: Yes. Haven’t you heard about the Great Online Shopping Festival? Piglet: Ooooh. No! Pooh: 3 days of unadulterated crazy shopping. 80% discounts! It’s fun! Piglet: Oh. What did you buy? Pooh: Honey. Loads. 3 days. 450 retailers. More than 30 categories. Discounts up to 80%. Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to 3 days of forget-everything-just-shopping experience. The GOSF, launched as a single day online festival in 2012, came back in 2014, bigger and better. Number of participating retailers was up by almost 100%, and visitors increased by more than 120%. Taking a cue from last year, revenues will see an uptrend of at least 3.5 times. What was new this year was a 299 section, where everything was priced at Rs. 299. There was also an Exclusive Launch Corner, where exclusive items like Chromecast and Nexus 6 were available for the first time in India. Learning from the mistakes of previous years, this time there were no technical glitches. To add to the excitement, there were â€Å"pre-party celebrations† in the form of contests and games. In fact, hashtags like #72hoursofcrazy were trending on twitter. Some interesting trends emerged this time. Male shoppers dominated the GOSF-77% were males and 23% were females. So it doesn’t surprise me that electronics was the favorite category,Show MoreRelatedPooh : Pooh And The Great Online Shopping Festival851 Words   |  4 Pageslate today? Pooh: I was shopping? Piglet: Huh? Shopping?!? Pooh: Yes. Haven’t you heard about the Great Online Shopping Festival? Piglet: Ooooh. No! Pooh: 3 days of unadulterated crazy shopping. 80% discounts! It’s fun! Piglet: Oh. What did you buy? Pooh: Honey. Loads. 3 days. 450 retailers. More than 30 categories. Discounts up to 80%. Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to 3 days of forget-everything-just-shopping experience. The GOSF, launched as a single day online festival in 2012, came back in 2014Read MoreMarketing Plan For Top Take Away Restaurant1716 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The company that I have initiated for my business has named as TOP Take Away Restaurant. The restaurant located in Chadstone Shopping Centre. It is the very strategic and overwhelming location the Chadstone Shopping Centre has been newly renovated with wide range of facilities. Also, it is the biggest shopping hub in Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, I have chosen this location to operate my restaurant. As of now, I have hired one manager, 3 front staff, 3 kitchen staff as my total labor force.Read MoreVisual Merchandise Guidelines For Retailers3546 Words   |  15 Pagesare digested through sight (Edwards Shackley, 1992), more than ever it is a vital time for retailers to be reviewing their strategies with respects to their Visual Merchandise Guidelines. Continuously, consumers are opting to take their purchases online rather than experiencing the physical store environment. With constant innovative technologies, retailers are finding novel ways to recreate the in-store environment on-screen; with the high street being described as acting on ‘borrowed time’ (guardianRead MoreI-City Mall Project2857 Words   |  12 PagesSelangor, Malaysia. Master planned by world-renowned and award-winning architect Jon A Jerde, i-City was designed as a fully integrated intelligent city, comprising corporate, leisure and residential components such as a 1.0 million square feet regional shopping mall, office towers, Cybercentre office suites, hotels, apartments, data centres and innovation centre. i-City is a MSC Malaysia Cybercentre where knowledge-based companies with MSC Malaysia status can enjoy the various incentives offered underRead MoreBusiness Strategy Of E Business2042 Words   |  9 Pagesbusiness over the internet. One of the major company that has benefitted from this e-business is alibaba.com. One of its affiliated entity is aliexpress.com. Launched in 2010, AliExpress.com is an online retail service made up of mostly small Chinese businesses offering products to international online buyers. In a way it is similar to amazon.com which has gained dominance over the North American and European markets. This company has emerged as a financial player in china . Their business strategyRead MoreHelp Drive Tourism During A Conference On Tourism1995 Words   |  8 Pagesnumbers and income generation This analysis relates to the United Kingdom and the city of London as the world’s top ranked destinations for their attraction and generation of revenue (International Overnight Visitors 2014). The United Kingdom is currently a main and popular tourist destination in the world. It has endless destinations to explore and enjoy, many sporting venues, art galleries, museums, theme parks, landmarks, monuments, beaches, casinos and many shopping hubs. The United Kingdom isRead MoreThe Current And Future Structure Of The Music Industry2891 Words   |  12 Pagesdiscussing the current and future structure of the music industry in the United Kingdom. In this written report I shall be critically discussing the current and future structure of the music industry in the United Kingdom. The current structure can be laid out in the following manner: Source: (Dustry, 2015) PART 1 - Labels, publishers and the Live Sector. Labels Firstly the focus of this report will be on the roles and the position of music labels. There are two types of music label;Read MoreMall Culture5156 Words   |  21 PagesLook at shopping malls in a new perspective. It is not anymore only a place to do your shopping. It has gained status as a social phenomenon. From the early 1980’s a new social phenomenon came to the forefront world wide, the shopping mall. Although the concept of malls was to induce consumerism, inventors of this new concept could never in their wildest dreams visualise the social revolution it would start. Make no mistake, although there was here and there some scepticism from the old schoolRead MoreAccess Marketing Plan for Specific International Target market5673 Words   |  23 PagesApril 5 until 2005. The day is still celebrated, though. On nonleap years, the day coincides with Hansik.s. 1. 2.1.2 The specific international marketing goals and objectives ; Considering the level of the Korea and the concern on the health environment of people in big cities, the objective of the company will be selling 50,000 (Approx. $500,000) sets of ‘Jelly House’ into Seoul(the capital city in Korea) in the first year. We will target people who would live in apartment with busy workingRead MoreEcommerce Assignment on Amazon4169 Words   |  17 PagesShopping at Amazon.com?: consumer’s perspective A qualitative report Submitted by: Vaibhav Singh Student id: K0943552 Module Name: E-commerce operations (BBM001) Module leader: Mr. John Eldred Date of submission: 30th January 2010 Word count: 3599 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary 3 II. Introduction: 4 III. Defining E-commerce: 5 III a). Types of e-commerce: 7 III b). Ecommerce applications: 8 IV. RESEARCH REPORT: 9 IV a). Company Profile 9 IV b). Strengths and weaknesses: 12 V. Research

Case Case Study Jeffrey Dahmer - 1659 Words

Case Study of Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Dahmer was born on May 21,1960 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was an American Serial Killer responsible for the death of 17 males, both young and old. He is the only Serial Killer to appear in the Times Magazine, because of his unusual way of thinking, more specifically his experiments with his victims to create them into Sex Zombies. Borderline Personality Disorder According to WebMd â€Å" Borderline personality is the mental illness that causes intense mood swings, impulsive behaviours and severe problems with self worth† (Borderline Personality Disorder-Topic Overview). One of the many symptoms of Borderline personality is â€Å"mood swings† (Borderline Personality Disorder-Topic Overview) Dahmer had experience mood swings since a young age, however they became more apparent as he reached adolescence. In the course of his teenage years he was known as the class clown , ready to make someone laugh, his classmates remember him as a very well mannered boy , who always respectful to teachers. But they also remember that Dahmer did not always act this way, there were times when he would show up to class and talk to no one, he would just sit in his chair and stare into space. another Symptom of borderline personality is â€Å" substance abuse† (Borderline Personality Disorder-Topic Overview) D uring his high school career Dahmer picked up a Habit. Alcoholism . This would be a habit that would follow him through his adult years. He[ Dahmer] would showShow MoreRelatedCase Study of Jeffrey Dahmer2982 Words   |  12 PagesA Case-Study of Jeffrey Dahmer. This paper will present case-analysis of the life and history of American psychopathic offender Jeffrey Dahmer. With the aim of carrying out this assignment effectively the research will be done from a psychological perspective; with regard to understanding the best fitted typology for the defendant’s criminality. Here these intimate aspects of the study will purely focus on the profiling of the offender, analyzing his past criminal record conjointly introducingRead MoreBiopsychosocial Case Study of Jeffrey Dahmer1462 Words   |  6 PagesBiopsychosocial Case Study Of Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Dahmer murdered 17 men between the years of 1978 to 1991 in which he participated in necrophilia, dismemberment and cannibalism (Meyer, 2006). As a child, Dahmer was shy and suffered from low self-esteem. At a young age, Dahmer displayed abnormal behavior starting with the collecting of dead animals and using acid to strip off the meat having necrophilia desires. This escalated in his teen years turning into fantasies of killing and mutilatingRead MoreCase Study-Abnormal Behavior1484 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study in Abnormal Behavior Valvita Isaac PSY/410 April 4, 2011 Dr. Melda Jones CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received whileRead MoreSerial Killers Have Fascinated The Imaginations Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesthe imaginations Jeffrey Dahmer Spencer Link 2150760 Serial killers have fascinated the imaginations of people for a long time. One of the most notorious serial killers is Jeffrey Dahmer whose gruesome murders shocked the nation. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer also known as Milwaukee monster was a notorious American serial killer and sexual offender in the 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1978 and 1991 Dahmer had murdered 17 men. His victims wereRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1309 Words   |  6 Pagesserial pattern of misbehavior that involves all significant facets of life and is marked by violation of social norms and regulations that occur over time, ranging from repeated lies and petty theft to violence – and even murder, in the most serious cases.† (2013). According to the DSM-5, ASPD has four diagnostic criteria, with the first criteria having seven sub-features. The first criteria is a â€Å"disregard for and violation of others rights since [at least] age 15† (American Psychology AssociationRead Mo re Jeffery Dahmer Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pages Jeffery Dahmer is arguably the most notorious serial killer -cannibal in history. Targeting men and boys, Dahmer‘s life of crime began with drinking and sex offending. His murders were exceptionally gruesome, often involving rape, torture, necrophilia, dismemberment, and cannibalism. The media often commented on how â€Å"normal† Dahmer appeared. Jeffrey Dahmer made everyone question how one develops into such a monster. By the time of his apprehension, Dahmer had sodomized, murdered, and cannibalizedRead MoreThe Creation of a Serial Killer: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesreasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same actor or actors.† But what exactly drives someone to kill another human being? What plays as a more drastic motivator for their actions, nature or nurture? Nature refers, in this case, to how the subject is genetically made-up. It is the belief of many researchers that damage to the brain or front lobe causes the violent behavior demonstrated by serial killers. The frontal lobe is in charge of social relations and maintaining adequateRead MoreThe Serial Killers : Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1806 Words   |  8 Pagesimaginations of people for a long time. One of the most notorious serial killers is Jeffrey Dahmer whose gruesome murders shocked the nation. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer also known as Milwaukee monster was a notorious American serial killer and sexual offender in the 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1978 and 1991 Dahmer had murdered 17 men. His victims were usually raped, tortured, dismembered, and cannibalism was also involved. Jeffrey was a troubled child psychologically and his social skills had a lot to be desiredRead MoreSerial Killers: Are They Born Or Made?. There Are Multiple1230 Words   |  5 Pagessubmerging animals in acid is fun to serial killers. So where does this all come from? Let’s go into the mind of the deadliest ones out there. What goes on in the mind of these horrific people is shocking and can be discovered before they act. A study at The University of Wisconsin found two parts of the brain that showed a correlation between criminal psychopathy and brain abnormality. They compared a healthy human brain to a serial killer’s brain just to see the differences it portrayed. TheyRead MoreSerial Killers, Are They Born or Made?3551 Words   |  15 Pagesshow signs of abnormal behavior, such as arson, and cruelty to animals. Looking into the lives of Jeffrey Dahmer, and Ted Bundy, who were both some of the world’s most notorious serial killers, will give a better insight to how they came to be serial killers; was it always in their blood, or was it something that occurred within their childhood that provoked their behavior? Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffery Dahmer dreamed that he would one day have a zombie sex slave, who would obey his every wish, and command

Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of morality Free Essays

Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of morality development most accurately portrays the way humans chose their morality. Carol Gilligan’s theory that girls develop differently because of the emphasis put on a woman’s role in caring for others is sound, but oversimplifies. And Jean Piaget’s theory may accurately describe the cognitive process of differentiating between the hard and fast societal rules and the ones that can be bent or broken, but she never accounts for the self and self-needs in her theory (Feldman, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of morality or any similar topic only for you Order Now The surprising thing is that all three theories assume that society is the primary teacher of morality to children. Society can include family members and friends, so it can accurately reflect the familial role in morality. Only Kohlberg comes close to explaining people who choose to stray from societal norms.   Kohlberg’s theory accounts for the concept of â€Å"to thine ownself be true†, something none of the other theories do. (Feldman, 2006).   Kohlberg’s example of stealing the medicine to save one’s wife is the only time a moral dilemma is addressed in the three theories. If one of the other theories made sense, they would be able to explain why people stray from society’s morality. Kohlberg is the only one of the theories that makes sense. Reference Feldman, R. S. (2006). Development Across the Life Span. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson How to cite Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of morality, Essay examples

Sensors and Wireless Report

Question: Write a report about theSensors and Wireless. Answer: Introduction Sensory information can be sent through wireless nodes to be received by the remote locations. The report shows how the LDR can send the sensory information, through the terminals 1 and 2 of the probe, which work as input sensors and the other probe, 3, works as an output sensor. This LDR diagram is similar to the diagrams of the IR and TEMP. Wireless sensors consist of small devices and so have their computational power limited and these sensors have applications in wider area. When the transmitter and receiver diagrams of 433MHz is considered, transmission of the sensory information is transmitted nu using the transmitter, MT-12E and antenna receivers, through the wireless sensors. Data collection is made possible in better way, in the scientific studies. but, face pins failures are experienced, during the wireless part design. Since, one of these pins is not able to transit the signal to the remaining parts, this must be resolved with a quick remedy. The ways of tacking the design of the circuit, demonstration of the circuit and implementation of the circuit are discussed in this report. Theory Wireless Sensors and Network Wireless sensors are usually connected among each other and become a network, called wireless sensor network to monitor various conditions in the environment, like sound, temperature, light, pressure, etc. The data collected in the environment is passed to the main, usually at the remote location, through the network. The modern networks of the wireless are more of bi-directional and are well enabled with the sensor activity control. The wireless sensors are usually connected through the network and each of the entity or a point. Each of this node is connected to either one sensor or sometimes even to multiple sensors. The sensor network node usually have majorly vital parts, such as radio transceiver that consists of an antenna internally or sometimes external antenna connected to it, an electronic circuit to interface with the sensors, a microcontroller and majorly a source of energy, which is either a battery or energy in the form of energy harvesting embedded. The wireless sensors are usually networked with the topologies that may be a simple star network to the advanced networks, such as multi-hop wireless mesh networks. The networks usually implement the propagation techniques, like routing or flooding. Applications The wireless sensor networks have increasingly more number of applications in several industries. Health care monitoring Area monitoring Industrial monitoring Earth or environmental sensing that may include forest fire detection, air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, landslide detection and natural disaster prevention, etc. Characteristics The wireless sensors networked to collect and transmit the data to the remote locations have the following characteristics. Ease of use Heterogeneity of nodes Constraints of power consumption for nodes, like energy harvesting or usage of the batteries Able to cope up with many failures or resilience of node Scalable to larger deployment scale Cross-layer design Able to withstand to the harsh conditions in the environment Mobility of nodes Requirements Wireless sensors can have wider range of applications, from a simple temperature sensing to an advanced applications, like sensing the earthquake symptoms. No matter it is a simple or advanced application, it is important that the following three basic requirements are met. Hardware All the physical components and parts of the wireless network become the hardware of the system. There are sensor nodes available in smaller sizes, for compact circuit and system and extensive research is going on for design and development of still tiny sensor nodes and makes them available for lower cost. gateway is also an important part of the system, which acts as a bridge in between the wireless sensor network and the rest of the networks. Software Wireless sensor network function is enabled and optimized through the software installed for them. The software is based on various protocols and algorithms that are used to address various issues, such as self-configuration, increased lifespan, fault tolerance and robustness. Operating System The operating systems for the Wireless sensor networks are typically lesser complex, compared to the operating systems used for computer systems. Circuit Design Sensor Design Design and Description Sensor used here is a light sensor and is the simplest and interesting circuit to design and operate. This sensor is configured as a light detector, shadow detector or shadow detector, as it needs to detect the light intensity. The present circuit deployed the shadow detector, which turns the LED on, when the bright light is focussed on the LDR. This circuit can be changed to a light detector, just by swapping the 2nd and 3rd op-amp pins. In this case, the LED is turned is turned on, when there is darkness present on the LDR. It should be ensured that the pins, 1, 5 and 7 are not connected. Output is extracted from the pin 6. This pin is connected to one LED, through a resistor of 330 Ohm in this circuit. The same system can be used for the IR and TEMP sensors. Security system may also be added to this circuit. Calculations For LDR, When the LDR is OFF, When the LDR is ON, For TEMP When the TEMP is ON, When the TEMP is OFF, For the IR, When the IR is ON, When the IR is OFF, ElectroMagnetic Interference Sources The major EMI source can be the converters of power electronic, motor, computer power supplies, permanent magnets and many other similar equipment present in the laboratory. This interference can be minimized by switching off all the, converters of the power electronics, present in the laboratory. Alternatively, EMI filters that are both active and passive are also used for reducing the EMI effect. Part of Wireless Encoder and Decoder Roles Data is received parallel from D0 to D3. The role of the encoder is to covert this 4 bit parallel data into the serial data to forward and transmit through the TXM 433 MHz transmitter, through DOUT. Conversely, this serial data will be converted back to the parallel data of four bit, by using HT12D. Implications of 433MHz Band There are legal implications associated with the 433 MHz band, as it is not regulated as it is available as license free. So, anyone can use this band for the purpose of experiments (Louis, Matthew Raju, 2005). The maximum distance covered by this devices varies from 1 to 1.5m and it can be extended by using the repeaters, like slave nodes. This extension is possible by using either long antenna or using the frequency, other than 433 MHz, which is stronger than it. Demonstration of Circuit Sensor Circuits Proximity sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Proximity Sensor P1 is used to achieve to make certain adjustments on the proximity sensors sensitivity of the circuit, to get certain distance. The door has to be opened automatically, when the P1 is adjusted, so the sensor has to be kept over the door, at even front part. The detector is made from an oscillator along with the T1, and the function and need for the oscillator is for the stability of the frequency, since it needs Clapp one. The oscillator circuit consists a capacitor and is derived from the sensors surface and this oscillator is configured with 1 MHz frequency. The switching is adjusted with P2, but it is important that the metallic objects are not taken closer to the proximity of the circuit, as the relays wont be close. Aggressive liquids can be detected with the help of this circuit, as the surface of the sensor wont contact the liquid at aggressive state. Light Sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Light Sensor The light switch sensor circuit is used to connect the lamp, while the light is faded. After the switch is ON for the lamp, the status is maintained and continues this status for specific period of time. This time can be set in between 1 to 5 hours, using P1. The oscillator is kept at 4060, using the S202DS2 semiconductor relay. Temperature Sensor Working Figure: Circuit for Temperature Sensor There is a heater element is deployed by connected in series with 16A, controlled by a pulse transformer. Sometimes, the zero crossing detector would be lower comparator, producing a square wave of 60Hz. The relay circuit is operated similar to the upper two comparators. Wireless Circuit Working The communication in the circuit is established through the radio receivers and transmitters. The links can be created in various configurations, so that the performance can be maximized. These links become the parent links that can make the information transmitted to the rest of the links present in the network. Description The desing of the circuit is based on the radio frequencies, rather than the transmission through infrared, as the radio frequencies are proved to be reliable and stronger compared to the transmission through infrared and radio frequencies can travel longer distances than the infrared transmission. In addition to that, infrared transmission can be propagated only if there are no obstacles, but radio frequencies have no limitations with obstacles. Infrared signals have inference problems, from the sources of other infrared, however, this is not the problem with the signals of the radio frequencies. Transmitter Circuit Figure: Circuit of RF Transmitter Initially, the data is received through Do to D3 pins, by the encoder, IC HT12E. The encoder then converts this four bit from parallel to serial and the data is trapped through DOUT. The serial output data from Dout is sent to TXM 433 MHz, via the Pin2. A0 to A7 address inputs provide the security for the data. It is also done by the logic ONE or ZERO (GND) also. The status of the A0 to A7 should be matched both at the ends of the transmitter and receiver. So, the transmission of the data can only be done by TXM 433 MHz, only when TE or Transmit Enable is low. The internal oscillations required for HT12E are provided by the external resistance, with the help of the 750K Ohm resistor. Receiver Circuit The circuit is employed with the a receiver, which receives the signals, transmitted by TXM 433 MHz. The data receives is passed to HT12D, via the DIN pin, where the data received in a serial format is converted to parallel data of four bits, at D0 to D3. Similar to the transmitter circuit, the address pins A0 to A7 status must match in the system towards the intended operation of the system. The LDR is connected to HT12Ds pin 17 and glows, if the transmission of data is successful from the transmitter to receiver. The sensors can form the parts of the machine, by linking them together, by huge computational power, relatively, when compared to the sensors employed individually. The sensors abilities of broadcast are usually affected by the higher content of moisture. The functionality of the circuit can possibly achieved, by allowing the sensors to be recognized, since the strengths of certain connections are based on the modifications performed over the conditions, which cause the hindrances. Real Time Implementation Circuit and Suggestions for Improvements Capacitive sensors are accurate, in terms of respiratory rate monitoring in real time and so are employed in the circuit. Many of these circuits are designed and developed using operational amplifiers, as these amplifiers have the quality factor (Q) improved. Conclusion Wireless sensors are collection of smaller devices, having their computational power to be limited and they have the applications in wider area. The design of circuit is based on the radio frequency transmission, rather than infrared, as the radio frequencies are more reliable and stronger. The major EMI source can be by equipment, such as motor, computer power supplies, power electronic converters or permanent magnets in the laboratory. References Akyildiz I. F. and Kasimoglu I.H. (2004)."Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks: Research Challenges".Ad Hoc Networks2 Dargie, W. and Poellabauer, C. (2010).Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks: theory and practice. John Wiley and Sons Matthew, L., Raju, K. Louis, W (2005). ISM-Band and Short Range Device Regulatory Compliance Overview, SWRA048, 1: 1-15 Peiris, V. (2013). "Highly integrated wireless sensing for body area network applications".SPIE Newsroom Sohraby, K., Minoli, D., Znati, T. (2007).Wireless sensor networks: technology, protocols, and applications. John Wiley and Sons Tiwari, Ankit et al., Energy-efficient wireless sensor network design and implementation for condition-based maintenance, ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN).

Maslows Hierarchy Theory Of Motivation Case Study -Free Sample

Question: Demonstrate how management structures are influenced by the size of a company and the technology it employs, and how control procedures are an important corollary of management delegation.? Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Determine the management problems arising from organisational change and how these might be mitigated.? Answer: Introduction: Every organization needs motivation theory because it helps employees to work together to achieve the objectives of an organization (Kamasheva et al., 2015). Below reveal some motivational theories which are very much implement by all alleged organization. The two motivational theories will work with different factors of organization and help the organization to develop the success of the companies and improve the performance of the employees so that they produce professionally along with the expansion of the company (Friederichs et al., 2015). Lots of organizations use these theories to bring improve in their organization and also help to recognize the environment of the organization. Firstly every organization wants to satisfy the basic needs to the needs for the success of every individual and for the better results organization want to use this model (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Under motivation different type of theories are introduced like: Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation.Herzbergs two factor theory.Vrooms theory.McClellands theory. Motivation is very important element for improving the work productivity, reward system, firm understanding of how to narrate the job satisfaction. In motivation managers role is to induce each and every individual behavior and action toward accomplishment of some objectives. The main purpose of this review is to see the overview of two theories which explain motivation in the work place and also addressed the factor that say about the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Under these motivational theories three qualities are included: it determines the direction of action, it focuses on internal forces and last it energises for action. Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation: Abraham Maslow is an American psychologist, one of his article were he mention the Maslows hierarchy theory to desire (Taormina and Gao, 2013). He wants to identify what constitute positive mental health and happiness, not just the mind illness and unhappiness. Maslow was hence motivated to start a complete new movement in psychology a third waves, which he call humanistic psychology (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Figure: Hierarchy of needs (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). In this figure he describe the different needs of human psychology are the following: Physiological needs- its a basic needs which include food, water, rest etc. Safety needs- The safety needs work mainly on psychological needs. Of course we try to keep away from a poke in the eyes with a sharp stick. But formerly we manage a confident level of physical comfort; it helps to set up stability and constancy in a chaotic world. Security and human security are come under this type of needs (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Love and belongingness needs- this come after psychological and safety needs. Once a want has been significantly content over a long period of time it becomes functionally absent. Under these friends, intimate relationship is there (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Esteem needs- under this self esteem plays a vital role, David McClelland called this type of esteems is needs for esteem. McClelland assume that individual disparity in needs is tied to character, and they transform slowly if at all. Prestige and feeling of achievement are the part of self esteem. Self-actualization- Maslow describe this need as the want to become more and more what one is, to develop into everything that individual is capable of becoming. Under this achieving ones full potential, including creative activities etc are the part of self- actualization (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). In his theory he mention hierarchy of needs, its a model in which he attempt to confine these different levels of human motivation. It represents the design that human beings are propel into action by different motivating factor at different period self fulfillment needs psychological needs and basic needs (Wu, 2011). In his theories the hierarchical arrangement is not intended to mean that the persons who pay attention on higher needs are someway better than those people who pay attention on lower needs. According to this it simply means unless and until if the person will not satisfied their lower need they will not satisfied their higher needs too (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Like for example if the person is suffering from hunger and cold, then they dont have the time to concern about their self esteem because that time there focuses on foods (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Maslow planned, what he use to identify creditable people like Eleanor Roosevelt, Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, and Frederick Douglass comparatively than fearful people or mentality condition, whereas inscription underdeveloped, untrained, the lecture of crippled and harmful specimen can give way only a cripple psychology (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Maslow considered the healthiest 1% of the college academic community (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Maslow's theory was completely expressed in his 1954 degree ofpersonality and motivation.The sequence relics a very well-known arrangement insociologystudy, association training. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is commonly portrayed in a shape of a pyramid, which mostly necessary levels of wants at the downward and the necessities forself-actualizationat the peak. Similarly the pyramid has revolved away in facto form to distinguish the hierarchy. In Maslows theory the most vital four level of pyramid which include what Maslow used to called deficiency needs because it represent self esteem, love, security, etc. if this requirements are not introduce or not accomplished with the elimination of the main primary condition- then human being feel worried and strained in work place. This theory suggests the basic needs what human being want in their life, and with the help of this stages human being will fulfill their needs. Maslow also suggested or introduced a new term name metamotivation, which explain how to inspire people at workplace and help the people to go additional than the level of the necessary requirements and go all- out for usual betterment (Kohte, 2015). Herzbergs theory: Herzbergs two factors theory of motivation is also known as hygiene theory or dual factor theory (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). This theory is somehow related to Maslows hierarchy of needs. Frederick Herzbergs think that it is connected to satisfy or dissatisfies for workers at workplace (Herzberg, 2009). Herzberg called this factor in job satisfaction as motivators and factors that present disappointment as hygiene (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). Figure: Herzbergs Hygiene and Motivational Factors (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015)v. Motivational are things which allocate psychological maturity and enlargement in the work. This theory is somehow connected to self-actualization. Hygiene, while useful in an efficient way which will prevent dissatisfaction and if it will useful in a poor way then it can result in to negative sensation in the work. Herzbergs introduce two steps: Eliminate job dissatisfaction: Under this Herzbergs introduce hygiene factors which cause dissatisfaction to the employees, They fixed poor and disruptive company outline. Offer efficient and non disturbing management, create and hold a society of esteem and self-respect for all team members, ensure them that wages are competitive (Giorgi, Shoss and Leon-Perez, 2015). Create condition for job satisfaction: to satisfy their employee Herzbergs say that they need to address the motivating factors which are associated with work. It is kind of job enrichment. Every job should be examined and determine how it could be done in better way and how to satisfy the person who ar doing the work (Tabvuma, Georgellis and Lange, 2015). For the employees they provide opportunities for achievement, recognizing their working condition, creating works that is rewarding and which match the skills and abilities of the workers, by providing them much more responsibility to each team member as possible, offer them a training and development opportunities so that people can pursue the position they want within the company (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). An assessment of the techniques used to implement each of these theories to a real life organization of your choice: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows theory of motivation represents a pyramid. Pyramid consider five types of needs which include self-actualization, self esteem, social needs, safety need and last is physical needs (Poorsheikhali and Alavi, 2013). Each of these includes various needs which and person attain. First one start with food, shelter, drinks and at the end it includes self-actualization need. This type of needs is necessary which individual wants in their life, by using these theories human being fulfillment their needs. Maslows theory have also been largely criticize since the theorist believed that needs can be satisfied accordingly, single set of need is fulfilled first then only the other set of needs will fulfilled (Stone and Lukaszewski, 2009). For example, organization which follow Maslows theory of needs are Virgin Media, they use this theory of needs to encourage their employees (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Organization contain a framework for their employee career progression named as Your story framework (McPherson, 2014), which consist of everyday meeting to evaluate their evolution , and also discuss about the performance and development strategy which is the key success of their employees career and provide facilities to improve their professional life (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). This also helps in the growth of an organization. Virgin Media includes some steps which will help the employees to ensure uniformity and do justice to satisfy the needs of pyramid. The company considers that if the working atmosphere is goods and friendly will help the employees motivated toward their work and help them to give their best (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Herzbergs Theory: Real life organization which use this theory are TESCO, its a British MNC company deals with universal merchandise and grocery. TESCO comes under the second largest company in revenue and third largest in retailer. Tesco has many stores across 12 countries including Asia and Europe, were as grocery market leader in the UK, the republic of Ireland, Malaysia, Thailand and Hungary. In the year 1919 Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls which was expanded rapidly and over 100 Tesco stores across the country in the years of 1939. The company admits that behind their successful is employees work, they keep on motivating their employees to give their best so that they dont diverge from their position in the marketplace. The company knows that if employees are happy and motivate, then no one can stop them to earn profits (Kim and Hallsworth, 2015). Under this Herzbergs define a model which states to facilitate certain factor which are motivated and satisfy the workers on opposing some other factor like hygiene, and hygienic creates dissatisfactions if workers are absent (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). If this factor are recover than disappointment might be disallowed on the other hand improvement factor will not motivate the employee alone (Barnes, 2011). Frederick Herzbergs showed in their theories how to motivate employee, they think that motivate an employee truly help the organization and it will help to create company needs while making employees feel happy in the workplace (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). With the help of this hygiene factors TESCO motivate their employees. It allows the employees by provide appropriate and suitable communication, and also involve workers in the decision making procedure and delegate accountability. It organize forum every day where workers will be a part of the conversation and opinion on pay rise. It shows the credit of work TESCO people do and company also give rewards to their employees. TESCO Company gives an opportunity to their employee to decide what will be the restaurant menu, by this employees get motivated and capable to make selection which will enlarge and increase their use in the restaurant. TESCO also give opportunities to their managers and their workers to receive a huge attention and divide in their exacting employment (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Figure: Two-Factor theory of motivation. Demonstrate and determine the effectiveness of the implementation of these theories at these organizations In this the above motivational theories are explained and help the organization with positive results. Motivation leads to boost in employee fulfillment which revolves lead to higher efficiency and profit maximization (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Begin with the Virgin Media to TESCO; performance of the individual above mention in the theories has improved employee satisfaction (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). According to the current survey on employee satisfaction in which employees of the company give their opinion on why they dont want to leave their organization. In Virgin media company employee want to work with them more because they think that company fulfillment their needs as per they want (Furnham, Eracleous and Chamorro Premuzic, 2009). They also say that company keep on motivate them by providing some benefit which will help them to work more in that company. Employees think that in this company salary which are provided to t hem are very profitable and also working environment are good which they like it. Another company is TESCO which help the employee to get motivated by using Herzbergs two factor theories (Werbel and Balkin, 2010). Company trained their employee well in the organization so that they do their work well and come up with the positive results, which will help them to satisfy their customers. They focus more on motivators part which will prevent dissatisfaction in hygiene. In this organization recognition and reward in time are the two factors of employees dissatisfaction (Amaratunga and Baldry, 2002). Recommendations as to how the implementation of these techniques could be improved in the future at your chosen organization: First theories which are explained here is Maslows Theories, with the help of this theories many companies come up with the broad choice to satisfy their employees and moreover enlarged the productivity of the company. The company Virgin Media should look at the other side of these theories of needs, in this the company are more focused on self-actualization needs and physical needs. The company should see overall side so that they put balance between the levels of pyramid (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Another one is Herzbergs two factor model under these company name is TESCO, TESCO more focus on enhancing employees skills and knowledge, instead of focusing on employees skills they should focus on more on hygiene factors. 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Human Resource Management Review, 20(4), pp.317-326. Furnham, A., Eracleous, A. and Chamorro Premuzic, T. (2009). Personality, motivation and job satisfaction: Hertzberg meets the Big Five. Journal of Managerial Psych, 24(8), pp.765-779. Stone, D. and Lukaszewski, K. (2009). An expanded model of the factors affecting the acceptance and effectiveness of electronic human resource management systems. Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), pp.134-143.